Which stage involves developing a sense of independence?

• A. Initiative vs. Guilt
• B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• C. Trust vs. Mistrust
• D. Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer: (B)

Developing a sense of independence is tied to the stage where a child begins to do things on their own, make simple choices, and gain control over their actions. This is Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt, typically in toddlerhood. When caregivers encourage exploration and allow safe self-reliance, the child develops autonomy and confidence in their abilities. If independence is constantly blocked or punished, the child may feel shame and doubt about trying new things. Other stages focus on different experiences: trust versus mistrust centers on safety in infancy, initiative versus guilt on assertiveness and taking initiative, and industry versus inferiority on mastering skills in school-age years.