Which principle describes reinforcement increasing the probability of a behavior?

• A. Classical conditioning
• B. Observational learning
• C. Operant conditioning
• D. Cognitive dissonance

Answer: (C)

Operant conditioning describes how reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior being repeated. In this framework, consequences shape voluntary actions: positive reinforcement adds a desirable outcome after the behavior, making it more likely to occur again; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant condition, also increasing the likelihood the behavior will be repeated. This differs from classical conditioning, which pairs a neutral stimulus with an automatic response, observational learning, which is about modeling others’ behavior, and cognitive dissonance, which involves reducing discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs. For example, praise after a student completes homework strengthens the homework routine, producing it more often in the future.