Which learning theory emphasizes reinforcement to increase behavior and punishment to decrease behavior?

• A. Observational Learning
• B. Classical Conditioning
• C. Operant Conditioning
• D. Cognitive Theory

Answer: (C)

Operant conditioning is the theory that behavior is shaped by its consequences: reinforcement to increase the behavior and punishment to decrease it. When a behavior is followed by reinforcement, the probability it will occur again goes up; punishment lowers that probability. This framework includes both positive and negative forms of reinforcement and punishment, and it underpins practical strategies like token economies, praise, and time-outs in school settings. The focus is on voluntary, goal-directed actions and how outcomes strengthen or weaken them, not on automatic reflex responses. This sets it apart from classical conditioning, where learning happens through forming associations that elicit reflexive responses; and from observational learning, which centers on modeling behaviors after watching others; and from cognitive theory, which emphasizes inner mental processes rather than external consequences.